Hirsch Argument Atlas
Evidence-source registry, machine-normalized 2026-08-24 from 2,885 evidence occurrences across the ten books (1977–2024). Most source identities and independence flags are unreviewed; reviewed overrides are labelled. 18 curator-reviewed sources are external to Hirsch’s corpus and excluded from every corpus statistic. Occurrence→claim links were machine-relinked. Treat every row as a lead to check, not a settled fact.

Audit the evidence

Every piece of evidence Hirsch cites across ten books, normalized to a registry of 1,515 distinct sources and consolidated by identity. This is the raw material underneath the propositions: who he is actually relying on, how independent that reliance is, and how concentrated the evidence base is on a small number of sources. Dossier-selected work that Hirsch did not cite is kept in a visibly separate catalogue below.

2,885evidence occurrences
1,515distinct sources
1.90occurrences per source
222sources in ≥2 books
89sources in ≥3 books
1,120 (74%)singleton sources
18external dossier sources
Concentration

How much of the evidence base rests on how few sources, ranked by load (occurrences × books appeared in).

Top N sources by loadOccurrences coveredShare of all occurrences
1040314.0%
2055719.3%
4075326.1%
6088830.8%
1001,04536.2%
2001,34846.7%
Independence of the evidence base

Overall, across all evidence kinds.

IndependenceSourcesOccurrencesShare of occurrences
independent853185464.3%
CKF affiliated292067.1%
Hirsch's own60078827.3%
secondary retelling32361.2%
unknown110.0%

Restricting to sources of kind study or dataset (447 sources, 1114 occurrences) — this is the empirical case proper.

IndependenceSourcesOccurrencesShare of occurrences
independent35196186.3%
CKF affiliated6454.0%
Hirsch's own831009.0%
secondary retelling780.7%
Kinds
KindSourcesOccurrences
study405866
historical record332513
anecdote303399
testimony258449
other85109
policy document60134
dataset42248
program report26144
commentary212
theoretical model19
review12
Kind
Independence
External evidence selected by dossiers

These curator-reviewed works were added to test or extend an argument. Hirsch did not cite them in the ten-book corpus. Their occurrence, book, and load counts are intentionally zero, and they are excluded from every registry statistic above.

SourceKindIndependenceOccBooksBears onDOI
Cabell et al. — Impact of a Content-Rich Literacy Curriculum on Kindergarteners' Vocabulary, Listening Comprehension, and Content KnowledgestudyCKF affiliated0—DOI
Hwang, Cabell, and Joyner — Effects of Integrated Literacy and Content-Area Instruction on Vocabulary and Comprehensionreviewindependent0—DOI
Cervetti et al. — The Impact of an Integrated Approach to Science and Literacy in Elementary School Classroomsstudyindependent0—DOI
See, Gorard, and Siddiqui — Can Explicit Teaching of Knowledge Improve Reading Attainment?studyindependent0—DOI
Coalition for Evidence-Based Policy — Study Review: Core Knowledge Charter Schoolsreviewindependent0——
Mac Iver, Stringfield, and McHugh — Core Knowledge Curriculum: Five-Year Analysis of Implementation and Effects in Five Maryland Schoolsstudyindependent0——
NYC Department of Education Research and Policy Support Group — Evaluating the NYC Core Knowledge Early Literacy Pilot: Year 3 Reportprogram reportCKF affiliated0——
E. D. Hirsch, Jr. — Validity in Interpretationtheoretical modelHirsch's own0——
Wolfgang Klafki — Lernen für die Zukunft. Das Schulkonzept der NRW-Denkschrift zur Bildungsreformpolicy documentindependent0—DOI
Wolfgang Klafki — Zum Problem der Inhalte des Lehrens und Lernens in der Schule aus der Sicht kritisch-konstruktiver Didaktiktheoretical modelindependent0—DOI
Ingrid Carlgren — Powerful Knowns and Powerful Knowingstheoretical modelindependent0—DOI
Michael F. D. Young — Why Knowledge Matters for the Schools of the 21st Century?theoretical modelindependent0—DOI
Johan Muller and Michael Young — Knowledge, Power and Powerful Knowledge Re-visitedtheoretical modelindependent0—DOI
Elizabeth Rata — What Is a Knowledge-rich Curriculum?theoretical modelindependent0—DOI
John Dewey — Democracy and Education: An Introduction to the Philosophy of Educationtheoretical modelindependent0——
Gert Biesta — Risking Ourselves in Education: Qualification, Socialization, and Subjectification Revisitedtheoretical modelindependent0—DOI
Kevin Currie-Knight — Review of Why Knowledge Matters: Rescuing Our Children from Failed Educational Theoriesreviewindependent0—DOI
Norwegian Ministry of Education and Research — Core Curriculum – Values and Principles for Primary and Secondary Educationpolicy documentindependent0——
Top 150 sources by load

Load = occurrences × books appeared in. Sorted descending by default. Use the filters above to narrow by kind or independence.

SourceKindIndependenceOccBooksBears onDOI
Core Knowledge Foundation — Achievement results of Core Knowledge schoolsprogram reportCKF affiliated101SWN’96KD’06MoA’10WKM’16HtEC’20AE’22SK’23RE’24P01P02P03P05P08P12P13P17P18P25—
College Board — SAT Verbal Score Trendsdatasetindependent44CL’87SWN’96KD’06MoA’10WKM’16HtEC’20AE’22SK’23RE’24P07P10P13P14—
OECD — Program for International Student Assessment (PISA)datasetindependent56KD’06MoA’10WKM’16HtEC’20AE’22SK’23RE’24P08P09P10—
French Ministry of Education — French National Soundings 1987-2007datasetindependent47KD’06MoA’10WKM’16HtEC’20AE’22SK’23RE’24P05P09P12P23—
Grissmer et al. — A Kindergarten Lottery Evaluation of Core Knowledge Charter SchoolsstudyCKF affiliated38WKM’16HtEC’20AE’22SK’23RE’24P05P08DOI
Hirsch — Personal observations of schools and individual differencesanecdoteHirsch's own21PoC’77CL’87SWN’96MoA’10WKM’16HtEC’20SK’23RE’24P03P07P12P16P22P25—
Hirsch — History of US progressive education failurehistorical recordHirsch's own20CL’87SWN’96MoA’10WKM’16HtEC’20AE’22SK’23RE’24P01P10P12P13P17—
Stevenson — The Learning Gapstudyindependent30SWN’96KD’06MoA’10WKM’16AE’22P07P08P17P23DOI
Dewey — Democracy and Educationtestimonyindependent18CL’87SWN’96KD’06WKM’16HtEC’20AE’22SK’23RE’24P01P12P17P18—
NAEP — NAEP Long-Term Trend assessmentdatasetindependent28CL’87MoA’10WKM’16AE’22RE’24P01P04P05P07P10P11P14—
NAEP — NAEP main assessments / Nation's Report Carddatasetindependent19CL’87SWN’96KD’06MoA’10WKM’16HtEC’20RE’24P04P11P17P21—
Miller — The Magical Number Seven, Plus or Minus Twostudyindependent18PoC’77CL’87SWN’96KD’06HtEC’20AE’22SK’23P02P03DOI
de Groot — Thought and Choice in Chessstudyindependent18CL’87SWN’96WKM’16HtEC’20AE’22SK’23P01P02P03—
Hirsch — Cognitive science consensus on domain specificitytestimonyHirsch's own15SWN’96MoA’10WKM’16HtEC’20AE’22SK’23RE’24P01P03P21—
MEXT — Japanese Elementary School Science Curriculumhistorical recordindependent20CL’87SWN’96WKM’16HtEC’20SK’23P08P09P20—
Coleman — Equality of Educational Opportunitystudyindependent16CL’87SWN’96KD’06MoA’10WKM’16RE’24P07P08P10P23DOI
Core Knowledge Foundation — The Core Knowledge Sequencepolicy documentCKF affiliated13MoA’10WKM’16HtEC’20AE’22SK’23RE’24P05P08—
National Commission on Excellence in Education — A Nation at Riskpolicy documentindependent13MoA’10WKM’16HtEC’20AE’22RE’24P10—
NLSY — Reanalysis of 1980 AFQT Datastudyindependent11SWN’96WKM’16AE’22SK’23RE’24P01P06P07P20—
Willingham and collaborators — Willingham's Reading-Comprehension Commentary and Reviewscommentaryindependent11SWN’96KD’06WKM’16AE’22SK’23P01P03P10P12P14—
Bransford and Johnson — Contextual Prerequisites for Understanding: Some Investigations of Comprehension and Recallstudyindependent9PoC’77CL’87SWN’96MoA’10AE’22RE’24P01P02P16DOI
IEA — Science Achievement in Seventeen Countriesstudyindependent13SWN’96KD’06MoA’10WKM’16P04P08P10DOI
Chall — Learning to Read: The Great Debatestudyindependent10CL’87SWN’96KD’06MoA’10WKM’16P04P05P07P10P12DOI
Kilpatrick — The Project Methodtestimonyindependent16SWN’96HtEC’20AE’22P12—
Gellner — Nations and Nationalismtestimonyindependent12CL’87WKM’16AE’22SK’23P18P20P21P22—
Hirsch — Anecdote of repetitive science instruction on plantsanecdoteHirsch's own8SWN’96KD’06HtEC’20AE’22SK’23RE’24P05P08P11—
Recht and Leslie — Effect of Prior Knowledge on Good and Poor Readers' Memory of Textstudyindependent8KD’06WKM’16HtEC’20AE’22SK’23RE’24P01P02P04P07P15DOI
General Accounting Office — Elementary School Children: Many Change Schools Frequentlystudyindependent10SWN’96KD’06MoA’10WKM’16P08DOI
Krauss — Social and Nonsocial Speech experimentsstudyindependent13CL’87AE’22RE’24P02P20DOI
Lyles-Crouch Traditional Academy — Lyles-Crouch School Awards and Dataprogram reportCKF affiliated12HtEC’20AE’22RE’24P08P13—
Hart — Meaningful Differences (30 million word gap)studyindependent9SWN’96KD’06MoA’10WKM’16P06P07P23—
Hirsch — Development of the Cultural Literacy ListotherHirsch's own9CL’87KD’06MoA’10AE’22P02P19P25—
Kintsch and collaborators — Kintsch Discourse-Comprehension Models and Experimentstheoretical modelindependent9PoC’77KD’06WKM’16HtEC’20P02P16DOI
Cohen — AFQT Verbal Scores and Civilian Incomestudyindependent10AE’22SK’23RE’24P05P06—
Johnson — Dictionary of the English Languagehistorical recordindependent6CL’87KD’06MoA’10AE’22SK’23P20—
Common Core — Common Core State Standards content buildingpolicy documentindependent7MoA’10WKM’16AE’22SK’23P11—
Kinter — Anecdote on North Carolina 5th Grade ScienceanecdoteCKF affiliated7HtEC’20AE’22SK’23RE’24P11P12—
Rosenshine — Teacher Behavior and Student Achievementstudyindependent12SWN’96MoA’10P12—
Blair — Lectures on Rhetoric and Belles Lettreshistorical recordindependent8CL’87MoA’10RE’24P02P19P20P22—
Jarousse — La Scolarisation Maternelle à Deux Ansstudyindependent8SWN’96KD’06WKM’16P05P08P17P23—
Sachs — Recognition Memory for Connected Discoursestudyindependent8PoC’77CL’87AE’22——
Sweden — Swedish Education Act of 1994studyindependent8WKM’16HtEC’20RE’24P09—
Mann — Reports and Writings of Horace Manntestimonyindependent6MoA’10WKM’16HtEC’20AE’22P12P17P23—
TIMSS — International Mathematics and Science Assessment Reviewdatasetindependent6SWN’96KD’06WKM’16HtEC’20P23—
Clifford — Ed School: A Brief for Professional Educationhistorical recordindependent11SWN’96KD’06P12—
Hirsch — China early 20th century language fragmentationhistorical recordHirsch's own7PoC’77CL’87AE’22P20—
Guxman — Formation and Development of National Languageshistorical recordindependent7PoC’77CL’87AE’22P20—
Nixon — The Watergate Tapes and Transcriptshistorical recordindependent7PoC’77KD’06MoA’10P02P20—
Diederich — Factors in Judgments of Writing Abilitystudyindependent10PoC’77SWN’96——
French Ministry of Education — Loi d'orientation sur l'education (Loi Jospin)policy documentindependent10WKM’16RE’24P09P12—
Gallup — Gallup Poll on Patriotism Trendsdatasetindependent5HtEC’20AE’22SK’23RE’24P21—
Tocqueville — Democracy in Americatestimonyindependent5CL’87SWN’96MoA’10HtEC’20P21—
Jefferson — Declaration of Independencehistorical recordindependent6CL’87MoA’10AE’22P19P20—
Fillenbaum — Memory for Gist and Lexical Substitutionsstudyindependent6PoC’77CL’87AE’22—DOI
Kingsley — Cardinal Principles of Secondary Educationpolicy documentindependent8CL’87SWN’96P10P12P23—
Godshalk — The Measurement of Writing Abilitystudyindependent8PoC’77SWN’96—DOI
Hirsch — Anecdote of first-grader vs sixth-grader on MesopotamiaanecdoteHirsch's own4HtEC’20AE’22SK’23RE’24P05P23—
Jefferson — Bill for the More General Diffusion of Knowledgehistorical recordindependent4SWN’96KD’06MoA’10HtEC’20P21P23—
Wordsworth — The Tables Turnedtestimonyindependent4KD’06AE’22SK’23RE’24——
Anderson — Schema-Theoretic View of Reading Comprehensionstudyindependent5CL’87AE’22RE’24P02—
Hirsch — Variation in content across same-grade classroomsanecdoteHirsch's own5HtEC’20AE’22SK’23P08P11P24—
Sticht — Listening and Reading Correlationstudyindependent5PoC’77SWN’96WKM’16P04—
Hirsch — Michele's testimony on critical thinking packetsanecdoteHirsch's own5AE’22SK’23RE’24P01P03—
Bradley — The Making of Englishhistorical recordindependent7PoC’77AE’22——
Deutsch — Nationalism and Social Communicationtestimonyindependent6HtEC’20AE’22P21—
Bartlett — Remembering: A Study in Experimental Social Psychologystudyindependent4CL’87SWN’96MoA’10——
Rush — Thoughts upon the Mode of Educationhistorical recordindependent4MoA’10HtEC’20AE’22P24—
Bernstein — Class, Codes and Controlstudyindependent4PoC’77CL’87KD’06P07DOI
Bourdieu — The Inheritors (Les Héritiers)studyindependent4WKM’16HtEC’20RE’24——
Bransford — Sentence Memory and Mental Models (Turtles)studyindependent4CL’87AE’22RE’24P02—
Elson — Guardians of Tradition: 19th Century Schoolbookshistorical recordindependent4CL’87SWN’96WKM’16P08—
Ericsson — Peak: Secrets from the New Science of Expertisetestimonyindependent4WKM’16AE’22RE’24P01P03—
Hirsch — Ethan's Roman History RecitationanecdoteHirsch's own4HtEC’20AE’22SK’23P06P08—
Hirsch — First-grade fake park closing letter projectanecdoteHirsch's own4HtEC’20AE’22RE’24P17—
Jespersen — Mankind, Nation and Individual from a Linguistic Standpointtestimonyindependent4PoC’77CL’87KD’06P20—
McGuffey — McGuffey Second Eclectic Readerhistorical recordindependent4CL’87KD’06MoA’10P22—
Piaget — Stages of mental development (Emile)testimonyindependent4SWN’96WKM’16HtEC’20P17—
Sweet — The Principles of Spelling Reformtestimonyindependent4PoC’77CL’87AE’22P20—
Wordsworth — Ode: Intimations of Immortalitytestimonyindependent4SWN’96WKM’16HtEC’20P12—
Chase — Perception in chessstudyindependent5CL’87HtEC’20P03—
Bourdieu — Bourdieu-Gros report on curriculum contentpolicy documentindependent5WKM’16RE’24——
Gilbert & Sullivan — The Pirates of Penzancetestimonyindependent5CL’87AE’22P03—
Kalisman — The Neocortical Microcircuit as a Tabula Rasastudyindependent5HtEC’20AE’22P17DOI
Kirschner — Why Minimal Guidance Instruction Does Not Workstudyindependent5HtEC’20AE’22P12—
Core Knowledge Foundation — NC school animal classification engagementanecdoteCKF affiliated3HtEC’20AE’22RE’24——
Hirsch — Cognitive Consensus on Shared KnowledgestudyHirsch's own3AE’22SK’23RE’24P02—
Hirsch — Historical formation of European national languageshistorical recordHirsch's own3SWN’96WKM’16AE’22P20—
Thorndike — Everyday Classics textbook serieshistorical recordindependent3CL’87WKM’16AE’22P10P22—
Froebel — The Education of Mantestimonyindependent3SWN’96WKM’16AE’22——
Washington — Last Will and Testamenthistorical recordindependent3MoA’10WKM’16HtEC’20P21P22—
Hirsch — Anonymous High-Poverty School Fifth Year SuccessanecdoteHirsch's own3HtEC’20AE’22RE’24P08—
Hirsch — Family vacation patterns changed by knowledge curriculumanecdoteHirsch's own3HtEC’20AE’22SK’23——
Hirsch — The normalization of unspoken knowledgeotherHirsch's own3WKM’16HtEC’20RE’24P02—
Hulme — Speculations / Romanticism as Spilt Religiontestimonyindependent3MoA’10SK’23RE’24P12—
Macintosh — 14th century English dialect mapsstudyindependent3CL’87MoA’10AE’22P20—
Madison — The Federalist Papershistorical recordindependent3SWN’96MoA’10HtEC’20——
NCTE — Students' Right to Their Own Languagepolicy documentindependent3PoC’77KD’06MoA’10P20—
Plato — The Republictestimonyindependent3PoC’77CL’87KD’06——
Ravitch — The Troubled Crusadehistorical recordindependent3CL’87SWN’96HtEC’20P21—
Real Academia Española — Founding of Real Academia de la Lenguahistorical recordindependent3CL’87WKM’16AE’22P20—
Cathy (Teacher) — Testimony on the inefficiency of classroom centersanecdoteHirsch's own3HtEC’20AE’22SK’23P02—
Washington — Farewell Addresstestimonyindependent3CL’87SK’23RE’24P21—
Bailin — Readability and specialized vocabulariestestimonyindependent4SK’23RE’24P02P03P15—
Coleman — High School Achievement: Public, Catholic, and Privatestudyindependent4CL’87WKM’16P08—
Cunningham — Print Exposure and Vocabulary Researchstudyindependent4KD’06WKM’16P05P06—
Ericsson — Handbook of Expertise and Expert Performancetestimonyindependent4WKM’16AE’22P03—
Geary — Evolution and culture in children's cognitionstudyindependent4SWN’96RE’24P17DOI
Gramsci — Prison Notebooks (Quaderni del carcere)testimonyindependent4MoA’10WKM’16P17—
Landauer — Latent Semantic Analysis and word acquisitionstudyindependent4KD’06WKM’16P05P06DOI
Lincoln — Lyceum Address: Perpetuation of Our Political Institutionstestimonyindependent4MoA’10HtEC’20P21P22—
Miller — Critique of Multiple Intelligencestestimonyindependent4SWN’96WKM’16——
Miller — How Children Learn Wordsstudyindependent4WKM’16HtEC’20P02DOI
Pinker — The Language Instincttestimonyindependent4SWN’96KD’06——
Ravitch — Left Back: A Century of Failed School Reformstestimonyindependent4MoA’10WKM’16P12—
Hirsch — Switzerland as multilingual nation with common school culturehistorical recordHirsch's own4AE’22SK’23P21P22—
Tennessee Department of Education — Tennessee STAR Class Size Studystudyindependent4KD’06WKM’16——
Arya — Syntactic and Lexical Complexity in Science Textsstudyindependent6WKM’16P01P15—
Spencer — The Philosophy of Styletestimonyindependent6PoC’77P16—
Zemelman — Best Practice Instructional Admonitionspolicy documentindependent6SWN’96P12—
Barton — The Black-White Achievement Gap: When Progress Stoppedstudyindependent3WKM’16AE’22P10—
Bennett — Teaching Styles and Pupil Progressstudyindependent3WKM’16RE’24P23DOI
Collins — Retrieval time from semantic memorystudyindependent3CL’87AE’22—DOI
Delpit — Other People's Childrentestimonyindependent3MoA’10HtEC’20P18P23—
Flesch — Flesch Reading Ease Formulastudyindependent3PoC’77SK’23——
Mattei — Reports on Decline of French Schoolingstudyindependent3WKM’16HtEC’20P09—
GRIP — Positions du GRIP sur la crise de l'écolepolicy documentindependent3WKM’16RE’24P09—
Hirsch — Grant and Lee vs Hegel Passage StudystudyHirsch's own3CL’87RE’24P04P07—
Hirsch — Civil War passage background knowledge analysisotherHirsch's own3CL’87KD’06P02P14—
Hirsch — Experiments on Style and Content FamiliaritystudyHirsch's own3CL’87RE’24P15P16—
Hirsch — Teacher Testimony on Testing-Year AvoidanceanecdoteHirsch's own3KD’06WKM’16——
Hirsch — Textbook analysis (Webster/McGuffey vs. modern)otherHirsch's own3CL’87MoA’10P10—
Hirsch — Mathematical symbols as condensed laboranecdoteHirsch's own3CL’87AE’22P02—
Hirsch — International Systems and Achievement Equalityhistorical recordHirsch's own3SWN’96MoA’10——
Jefferson — Letter to Colonel Edward Carringtontestimonyindependent3CL’87SWN’96P21—
Kim — Kim study on analogous knowledge gainsstudyindependent3SK’23RE’24P08—
Kinter — Testimony on Curricular Incoherence and Core KnowledgetestimonyCKF affiliated3SK’23RE’24——
Larkin — Expert and Novice Physics Performancestudyindependent3SWN’96WKM’16P02P03—
Le Bris — Your Children Won't Know How to Readanecdoteindependent3WKM’16RE’24——
Lincoln — The Gettysburg Addresshistorical recordindependent3PoC’77HtEC’20——
Mann — Twelfth Annual Report of the Secretarytestimonyindependent3KD’06MoA’10P23—
March of Time — New Schools for Old newsreelhistorical recordindependent3WKM’16RE’24P10P12—
March of Time — March of Time program on developmentalismhistorical recordindependent3MoA’10AE’22P10—
Massachusetts — MCAS and Massachusetts 1993 reformdatasetindependent3KD’06MoA’10——
Michele — Michele's experience with 180-minute literacy centersanecdoteHirsch's own3AE’22RE’24——
Nagy — Learning Word Meanings from Contextstudyindependent3KD’06WKM’16P06—
Rosch — Internal Structure of Perceptual and Semantic Categoriesstudyindependent3CL’87AE’22P02—
Rosch — Cognitive Representation of Semantic Categoriesstudyindependent3CL’87AE’22——
Freddie Dean Smith — The Impact of the Core Knowledge Curriculum on AchievementstudyCKF affiliated3KD’06MoA’10P08—
Augustine — Confessionstestimonyindependent3PoC’77SWN’96——
Thorndike — Reading Comprehension Education in Fifteen Countriesstudyindependent3CL’87WKM’16P04P10—
Sources cited in 3+ books

89 sources Hirsch returns to across at least three of the ten books — his recurring evidentiary touchstones.

SourceKindIndependenceOccBooksBears onDOI
Core Knowledge Foundation — Achievement results of Core Knowledge schoolsprogram reportCKF affiliated101SWN’96KD’06MoA’10WKM’16HtEC’20AE’22SK’23RE’24P01P02P03P05P08P12P13P17P18P25—
College Board — SAT Verbal Score Trendsdatasetindependent44CL’87SWN’96KD’06MoA’10WKM’16HtEC’20AE’22SK’23RE’24P07P10P13P14—
OECD — Program for International Student Assessment (PISA)datasetindependent56KD’06MoA’10WKM’16HtEC’20AE’22SK’23RE’24P08P09P10—
French Ministry of Education — French National Soundings 1987-2007datasetindependent47KD’06MoA’10WKM’16HtEC’20AE’22SK’23RE’24P05P09P12P23—
Grissmer et al. — A Kindergarten Lottery Evaluation of Core Knowledge Charter SchoolsstudyCKF affiliated38WKM’16HtEC’20AE’22SK’23RE’24P05P08DOI
Hirsch — Personal observations of schools and individual differencesanecdoteHirsch's own21PoC’77CL’87SWN’96MoA’10WKM’16HtEC’20SK’23RE’24P03P07P12P16P22P25—
Hirsch — History of US progressive education failurehistorical recordHirsch's own20CL’87SWN’96MoA’10WKM’16HtEC’20AE’22SK’23RE’24P01P10P12P13P17—
Stevenson — The Learning Gapstudyindependent30SWN’96KD’06MoA’10WKM’16AE’22P07P08P17P23DOI
Dewey — Democracy and Educationtestimonyindependent18CL’87SWN’96KD’06WKM’16HtEC’20AE’22SK’23RE’24P01P12P17P18—
NAEP — NAEP Long-Term Trend assessmentdatasetindependent28CL’87MoA’10WKM’16AE’22RE’24P01P04P05P07P10P11P14—
NAEP — NAEP main assessments / Nation's Report Carddatasetindependent19CL’87SWN’96KD’06MoA’10WKM’16HtEC’20RE’24P04P11P17P21—
Miller — The Magical Number Seven, Plus or Minus Twostudyindependent18PoC’77CL’87SWN’96KD’06HtEC’20AE’22SK’23P02P03DOI
de Groot — Thought and Choice in Chessstudyindependent18CL’87SWN’96WKM’16HtEC’20AE’22SK’23P01P02P03—
Hirsch — Cognitive science consensus on domain specificitytestimonyHirsch's own15SWN’96MoA’10WKM’16HtEC’20AE’22SK’23RE’24P01P03P21—
MEXT — Japanese Elementary School Science Curriculumhistorical recordindependent20CL’87SWN’96WKM’16HtEC’20SK’23P08P09P20—
Coleman — Equality of Educational Opportunitystudyindependent16CL’87SWN’96KD’06MoA’10WKM’16RE’24P07P08P10P23DOI
Core Knowledge Foundation — The Core Knowledge Sequencepolicy documentCKF affiliated13MoA’10WKM’16HtEC’20AE’22SK’23RE’24P05P08—
National Commission on Excellence in Education — A Nation at Riskpolicy documentindependent13MoA’10WKM’16HtEC’20AE’22RE’24P10—
NLSY — Reanalysis of 1980 AFQT Datastudyindependent11SWN’96WKM’16AE’22SK’23RE’24P01P06P07P20—
Willingham and collaborators — Willingham's Reading-Comprehension Commentary and Reviewscommentaryindependent11SWN’96KD’06WKM’16AE’22SK’23P01P03P10P12P14—
Bransford and Johnson — Contextual Prerequisites for Understanding: Some Investigations of Comprehension and Recallstudyindependent9PoC’77CL’87SWN’96MoA’10AE’22RE’24P01P02P16DOI
IEA — Science Achievement in Seventeen Countriesstudyindependent13SWN’96KD’06MoA’10WKM’16P04P08P10DOI
Chall — Learning to Read: The Great Debatestudyindependent10CL’87SWN’96KD’06MoA’10WKM’16P04P05P07P10P12DOI
Kilpatrick — The Project Methodtestimonyindependent16SWN’96HtEC’20AE’22P12—
Gellner — Nations and Nationalismtestimonyindependent12CL’87WKM’16AE’22SK’23P18P20P21P22—
Hirsch — Anecdote of repetitive science instruction on plantsanecdoteHirsch's own8SWN’96KD’06HtEC’20AE’22SK’23RE’24P05P08P11—
Recht and Leslie — Effect of Prior Knowledge on Good and Poor Readers' Memory of Textstudyindependent8KD’06WKM’16HtEC’20AE’22SK’23RE’24P01P02P04P07P15DOI
General Accounting Office — Elementary School Children: Many Change Schools Frequentlystudyindependent10SWN’96KD’06MoA’10WKM’16P08DOI
Krauss — Social and Nonsocial Speech experimentsstudyindependent13CL’87AE’22RE’24P02P20DOI
Lyles-Crouch Traditional Academy — Lyles-Crouch School Awards and Dataprogram reportCKF affiliated12HtEC’20AE’22RE’24P08P13—
Hart — Meaningful Differences (30 million word gap)studyindependent9SWN’96KD’06MoA’10WKM’16P06P07P23—
Hirsch — Development of the Cultural Literacy ListotherHirsch's own9CL’87KD’06MoA’10AE’22P02P19P25—
Kintsch and collaborators — Kintsch Discourse-Comprehension Models and Experimentstheoretical modelindependent9PoC’77KD’06WKM’16HtEC’20P02P16DOI
Cohen — AFQT Verbal Scores and Civilian Incomestudyindependent10AE’22SK’23RE’24P05P06—
Johnson — Dictionary of the English Languagehistorical recordindependent6CL’87KD’06MoA’10AE’22SK’23P20—
Common Core — Common Core State Standards content buildingpolicy documentindependent7MoA’10WKM’16AE’22SK’23P11—
Kinter — Anecdote on North Carolina 5th Grade ScienceanecdoteCKF affiliated7HtEC’20AE’22SK’23RE’24P11P12—
Blair — Lectures on Rhetoric and Belles Lettreshistorical recordindependent8CL’87MoA’10RE’24P02P19P20P22—
Jarousse — La Scolarisation Maternelle à Deux Ansstudyindependent8SWN’96KD’06WKM’16P05P08P17P23—
Sachs — Recognition Memory for Connected Discoursestudyindependent8PoC’77CL’87AE’22——
Sweden — Swedish Education Act of 1994studyindependent8WKM’16HtEC’20RE’24P09—
Mann — Reports and Writings of Horace Manntestimonyindependent6MoA’10WKM’16HtEC’20AE’22P12P17P23—
TIMSS — International Mathematics and Science Assessment Reviewdatasetindependent6SWN’96KD’06WKM’16HtEC’20P23—
Hirsch — China early 20th century language fragmentationhistorical recordHirsch's own7PoC’77CL’87AE’22P20—
Guxman — Formation and Development of National Languageshistorical recordindependent7PoC’77CL’87AE’22P20—
Nixon — The Watergate Tapes and Transcriptshistorical recordindependent7PoC’77KD’06MoA’10P02P20—
Gallup — Gallup Poll on Patriotism Trendsdatasetindependent5HtEC’20AE’22SK’23RE’24P21—
Tocqueville — Democracy in Americatestimonyindependent5CL’87SWN’96MoA’10HtEC’20P21—
Jefferson — Declaration of Independencehistorical recordindependent6CL’87MoA’10AE’22P19P20—
Fillenbaum — Memory for Gist and Lexical Substitutionsstudyindependent6PoC’77CL’87AE’22—DOI
Hirsch — Anecdote of first-grader vs sixth-grader on MesopotamiaanecdoteHirsch's own4HtEC’20AE’22SK’23RE’24P05P23—
Jefferson — Bill for the More General Diffusion of Knowledgehistorical recordindependent4SWN’96KD’06MoA’10HtEC’20P21P23—
Wordsworth — The Tables Turnedtestimonyindependent4KD’06AE’22SK’23RE’24——
Anderson — Schema-Theoretic View of Reading Comprehensionstudyindependent5CL’87AE’22RE’24P02—
Hirsch — Variation in content across same-grade classroomsanecdoteHirsch's own5HtEC’20AE’22SK’23P08P11P24—
Sticht — Listening and Reading Correlationstudyindependent5PoC’77SWN’96WKM’16P04—
Hirsch — Michele's testimony on critical thinking packetsanecdoteHirsch's own5AE’22SK’23RE’24P01P03—
Bartlett — Remembering: A Study in Experimental Social Psychologystudyindependent4CL’87SWN’96MoA’10——
Rush — Thoughts upon the Mode of Educationhistorical recordindependent4MoA’10HtEC’20AE’22P24—
Bernstein — Class, Codes and Controlstudyindependent4PoC’77CL’87KD’06P07DOI
Bourdieu — The Inheritors (Les Héritiers)studyindependent4WKM’16HtEC’20RE’24——
Bransford — Sentence Memory and Mental Models (Turtles)studyindependent4CL’87AE’22RE’24P02—
Elson — Guardians of Tradition: 19th Century Schoolbookshistorical recordindependent4CL’87SWN’96WKM’16P08—
Ericsson — Peak: Secrets from the New Science of Expertisetestimonyindependent4WKM’16AE’22RE’24P01P03—
Hirsch — Ethan's Roman History RecitationanecdoteHirsch's own4HtEC’20AE’22SK’23P06P08—
Hirsch — First-grade fake park closing letter projectanecdoteHirsch's own4HtEC’20AE’22RE’24P17—
Jespersen — Mankind, Nation and Individual from a Linguistic Standpointtestimonyindependent4PoC’77CL’87KD’06P20—
McGuffey — McGuffey Second Eclectic Readerhistorical recordindependent4CL’87KD’06MoA’10P22—
Piaget — Stages of mental development (Emile)testimonyindependent4SWN’96WKM’16HtEC’20P17—
Sweet — The Principles of Spelling Reformtestimonyindependent4PoC’77CL’87AE’22P20—
Wordsworth — Ode: Intimations of Immortalitytestimonyindependent4SWN’96WKM’16HtEC’20P12—
Core Knowledge Foundation — NC school animal classification engagementanecdoteCKF affiliated3HtEC’20AE’22RE’24——
Hirsch — Cognitive Consensus on Shared KnowledgestudyHirsch's own3AE’22SK’23RE’24P02—
Hirsch — Historical formation of European national languageshistorical recordHirsch's own3SWN’96WKM’16AE’22P20—
Thorndike — Everyday Classics textbook serieshistorical recordindependent3CL’87WKM’16AE’22P10P22—
Froebel — The Education of Mantestimonyindependent3SWN’96WKM’16AE’22——
Washington — Last Will and Testamenthistorical recordindependent3MoA’10WKM’16HtEC’20P21P22—
Hirsch — Anonymous High-Poverty School Fifth Year SuccessanecdoteHirsch's own3HtEC’20AE’22RE’24P08—
Hirsch — Family vacation patterns changed by knowledge curriculumanecdoteHirsch's own3HtEC’20AE’22SK’23——
Hirsch — The normalization of unspoken knowledgeotherHirsch's own3WKM’16HtEC’20RE’24P02—
Hulme — Speculations / Romanticism as Spilt Religiontestimonyindependent3MoA’10SK’23RE’24P12—
Macintosh — 14th century English dialect mapsstudyindependent3CL’87MoA’10AE’22P20—
Madison — The Federalist Papershistorical recordindependent3SWN’96MoA’10HtEC’20——
NCTE — Students' Right to Their Own Languagepolicy documentindependent3PoC’77KD’06MoA’10P20—
Plato — The Republictestimonyindependent3PoC’77CL’87KD’06——
Ravitch — The Troubled Crusadehistorical recordindependent3CL’87SWN’96HtEC’20P21—
Real Academia Española — Founding of Real Academia de la Lenguahistorical recordindependent3CL’87WKM’16AE’22P20—
Cathy (Teacher) — Testimony on the inefficiency of classroom centersanecdoteHirsch's own3HtEC’20AE’22SK’23P02—
Washington — Farewell Addresstestimonyindependent3CL’87SK’23RE’24P21—